In some instances, the dispersed phase has an affinity for the vehicle and is readily wetted upon its addition. Methods of preparation. Which dosage form is a semisolid oil-in-water emulsion for sale. The suspension or emulsion of the finely divided drug substance is typically dispersed in the liquid propellant with the aid of suitable biocompatible surfactants or other excipients. Ointment bases do not merely act as the carriers of the medicaments, but they also control the extent of absorption of medicaments incorporated in them. Effervescent powder mixtures are purposely formed into relatively course granules to reduce the rate of dissolution and provide a more controlled effervescence.
All other things being equal, the phase that is present in the greater concentration tends to be the external phase, but an emulsifying agent that strongly favors a particular emulsion type and that forms a good barrier at the interface can overcome an unfavorable phase ratio. Effervescent granules are formulated to liberate gas (carbon dioxide) upon addition of water. Soluble tablets (not preferred; see Tablets and Tablets for oral solution). These formulations are used to protect acid-labile drug substances from the acidic stomach environment as well as to prolong the release of the drug substance to reduce dosing frequency (see 711 or 701). Which dosage form is a semisolid oil-in-water emulsion drug. A gel may contain suspended particles. Emulsion of water and oil. 2 The organization of this general information chapter is mainly focused on the physical attributes of each particular dosage form ( Tier Two), generally without specific reference to the route of administration. Typical pharmaceutical emulsions are prepared from immiscible aqueous and organic (oil) liquids.
Strip (only used for diagnostic products, otherwise not preferred; see Film): A dosage form or device in the shape of a long, narrow, thin, absorbent, solid material such as filter paper. For this type of suspension, the powder blend is uniform and the powder readily disperses when reconstituted. Granules: A dosage form composed of dry aggregates of powder particles that may contain one or more drug substances, with or without other ingredients. Externally applied powders should have a particle size of 150 µm or less (typically in the 50- to 100-µm range to prevent a gritty feel on the skin that could further irritate traumatized skin). Semi-solid preparations of hydrocarbons (petrolatum, mineral oil, paraffins, synthetic. Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance and/or excipients are enclosed within a soluble container or shell or coated on the capsule shell. The size of the pellets and rate of erosion will influence the release rate, which typically follows first-order kinetics. Which dosage form is a semisolid oil-in-water emulsion paint. Transdermal dosages are typically used to treat conditions that require ongoing medication, such as pain management.
The mechanism for droplet generation and the intended use of the preparation distinguish various classes of sprays. Sugar coating is an alternative, less common approach. Aerosols are dosage forms packaged under pressure and contain therapeutic agent(s) and a propellant that are released upon actuation of an appropriate valve system. How to choose a levigating agent? A preservative may be added. Excipient: An ingredient of a dosage form other than a drug substance.
The term primary emulsion is used to describe the initial emulsion formed with a prescribed ratio of ingredients. Effervescent granules are typically formulated from sodium or potassium bicarbonate and an acid such as citric or tartaric acid. This is necessary because powdered acacia gets lumpy when water is added directly to it. Both: Contains water, insoluble in water, non-occlusive. Check for compatability issues.
Additional coatings such as powder coatings to reduce tackiness or film or sugar coatings may be added to improve taste or facilitate bulk packaging. Because a small population of imperfectly coated particles may be unavoidable, oral pellets are designed to require the administration of a large number in a single dose to minimize any adverse influence of imperfectly coated pellets on drug delivery. Good ability to incorporate hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients. How much levigating agent to use? Release of the drug substance can be up to 5 years. Water soluble bases |. The ratio of the plasticizer to the gelatin can be varied to change the flexibility of the shell depending on the nature of the fill material, its intended usage, or environmental conditions. Film: A term used to describe a thin sheet of material, usually composed of a polymer.
It's also used to improve the hydration of the skin. Typically, these suspensions are refrigerated after reconstitution to increase their shelf life. Depending on the particle size of the drug substance, a random mixture of powders may be employed. Most lotions are aqueous or hydroalcoholic systems; small amounts of alcohol are added. Note 1: A liquid is pourable; it flows and conforms to its container at room temperature. Coacervation coating techniques typically produce coated particles that are much smaller than those made by other techniques. See also Creams and Ointments. Lotions share many characteristics with creams. Both phases are heated to a temperature above the melting point of the highest melting component. Often, implanted pellets will contain the desired drug substance content in one or several units. Unlike transdermal systems, tapes are not designed to control the release rate of the drug substance. Molecules must be well-suited not just to passing through hair follicles and sweat glands, but also to being passively diffused through the skin itself. They are frequently intended to provide local action in the oral cavity or the throat but also include those intended for systemic absorption after dissolution. The term modified-release is not used in drug product titles.
Mixtures can also be extemporaneously prepared at the point of use. Pellets intended as implants must be sterile. Maintain consistent drug levels. Medical gases are products that are administered directly as a gas.
Ophthalmic: A route of administration characterized by application of a sterile preparation to the external parts of the eye. 0, unless the formulation contains an ingredient that alters the pH. Powders are grouped according to the following terms: very coarse, coarse, moderately coarse, fine, and very fine (see Powder Fineness 811). This irreversible coalescence of the droplets is also called cracking. Lozenge: A solid dosage form intended to disintegrate or dissolve slowly in the mouth. Each actuation of the valve releases a measured mass of the drug substance with appropriate quality characteristics.
Antioxidant content: If antioxidants are present in the drug product, tests of their content should be performed to maintain the product's quality at all stages throughout its proposed usage and shelf life. Additionally, dosage forms intended for the inhalation route of administration must be monitored for particle size and spray pattern (for a metered-dose inhaler or dry powder inhaler) and droplet size (for nasal sprays).