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Facoetti, A., Ruffino, M., Peru, A., Paganoni, P., and Chelazzi, L. Sluggish engagement and disengagement of non-spatial attention in dyslexic children. Episodic future thinking provides an internal search space, a simulation of future possibilities, through which one can search to explore and evaluate possibilities. In contrast, convergent thinking "typically leads to conventional and "correct" ideas and solutions rather than original options" (Runco and Acar, 2012, 66). The Specific Aims page should be a summary of the proposed project focused on the research aims of the project, including a concise rationale for the hypothesis, description of preliminary data and experimental approach, and impact on autism research. Mechanism explorer sketch and submission checklist. Reframing DD therefore underscores the urgency of changing certain cultural practices to ensure we do not inhibit adaptation. This theory was developed to help explain DD-associated cognitive differences, by providing the theoretical understanding of why search specialization is likely to have evolved and its significance for understanding human adaptation and cultural evolution.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. These are involved in many functions including visual, auditory, touch, and proprioceptive systems. Subcontract PIs should be listed in the Project Personnel section either with or without access. 2023 Human Cognitive and Behavioral Science – Request for Applications. Observations that individuals with DD appear to exhibit countervailing advantages unexplained by current theories opens a new possibility: are there actual, one-sided deficits, or might the areas of difficulty be the downsides of trade-offs that exist, with the upsides being specialization and enhanced ability in other areas of cognition? Nevertheless, the comparison with social insects serves to highlight the point that in other species we recognize the existence of search specialization. Prices can be found on the price list on our website.
However, considering DD-associated cognition as a search specialization raises the possibility that the "problem" of DD exists in our cultural assumptions and systems. This view holds that difficulties in acquiring and automatizing skills underlie the challenges observed over a range of areas, from fine motor skills to cognitive skills required to succeed in reading, writing, and mathematics. Stein highlighted that the relatively high incidence of impaired development of the magnocellular system in individuals with DD "would not be so common unless there were compensating advantages for dyslexia" (Stein, 2001, 13). Hence, search can be used as a unifying framework to understand many aspects of cognitive function and behavior across domains (Hills et al., 2015). HT and MV wrote the manuscript and approved the submitted version. ArXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. This is especially conspicuous considering that the various practitioners who noted these different strengths had neither an awareness nor expectation that DD would correlate with strength in exploration. Developmental Dyslexia: Disorder or Specialization in Exploration. Incident Management. Report a weaker adaptive immune response in older adults after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination compared to young adult controls, identifying altered immune cell function and decreased antigen-specific receptor repertoire diversity as potential underlying mechanisms.
In combination with DD's prevalence and heritability, these factors support the notion that, rather than representing a disorder, DD-associated cognitive differences were selected for and confer some kind of fitness advantage. The framework of cognitive search used in this article points us toward a new approach for understanding individuals with DD. These projects are expected to inform or relate to the development and refinement of tools needed for translational efforts, such as biomarkers and outcome measures. Not a visible field for new submissions). Syme, K. L., and Hagen, E. H. Mental health is biological health: Why tackling "diseases of the mind" is an imperative for biological anthropology in the 21st century. 2021a) found that compared with adolescents, adults with dyslexia did show a creative advantage over non-dyslexic adults. Mechanism explorer sketch and submission service. The upper graph shows Earth's climate fluctuations during the same period (data from Zachos et al., 2001) including the strongest fluctuations, which coincided with the period of greatest brain size increase. References should be in Journal of Neuroscience format, including full author list, title and a link. The contact PI must be affiliated with the institution submitting the application. Finding enhanced recognition scores in individuals with DD, they speculated that the advantage in declarative memory might be mediated by a compensatory seesaw interaction derived from a deficit in procedural memory. Specialization in search is likely to have been selected for by a highly variable and uncertain environment (Taylor et al., 2022). Individuals with DD have been shown to be less efficient at procedural learning than non-DD individuals (Lum et al., 2013). The acquisition and use of writing technology appears to align more favorably with individuals who are less exploratory.
Applicants should select which track best matches the maturity and goals of their research proposal, as review criteria will be appropriately tailored for each track. Not all steps may be implemented and some steps may be skipped (e. g., radical initiation / termination). V1] Fri, 6 Jan 2023 10:42:29 UTC (31 KB). However, in several studies an ADHD, diagnosis correlates with divergent-thinking ability (White and Shah, 2006, 2011, 2016; Fugate et al., 2013) and more explorative foraging behaviors in both visual and semantic search (Van den Driessche et al., 2019), leading to the proposal that individuals with ADHD characteristics may have a cognitive search strategy that is beneficial in some contexts (Van den Driessche et al., 2019). Exploring endlessly without exploiting what has been found can be inefficient, whereas focusing too much on exploitation may be suboptimal or result in failure to adapt to change. Several studies have found that individuals with DD have deficits in focal attention (Facoetti et al., 2008; Ruffino et al., 2010) but better resolution for features in the periphery of the visual field (Geiger and Lettvin, 1987; Perry et al., 1989; Lorusso et al., 2004). The Simons Foundation is committed to grantmaking that inspires and supports greater diversity and inclusiveness by cultivating a funding environment that ensures representation of all identities and differences and equitable access to information and resources for all applicants and grantees. Instead, we propose that the features of this form of cognition were strongly selected for. Some of the reported cognitive difficulties include rapid naming, phonological and morphological awareness, visual-orthographic knowledge, and verbal working memory (e. g., Shaywitz et al., 1999; Shaywitz and Shaywitz, 2005). Mechanism explorer sketch and submission form. Diehl, J. J., Frost, S. J., Sherman, G., Mencl, W. E., Kurian, A., Molfese, P., et al.
To avoid such problems, Hedenius et al. Similarly, individuals with DD have been shown to be faster at 3D mental rotation and manipulation than those without DD (Attree et al., 2009; Wang and Yang, 2011). The alleged link between creativity and dyslexia: Identifying the specific process in which dyslexic students excel. I see that there are three budget tracks available. 1001/jamapediatrics. Interestingly, in bees, the proportion of scouts (i. e., those individuals with an explorative search bias) that make up a colony's foraging force is around 5–25% (Liang et al., 2012), comparable to the 5–20% prevalence of DD in humans (Badian, 1984; Wagner et al., 2020). Important: Please do not include the contact PI (main PI) in this section. Solved] Mechanism Explorer: Sketch and Submission (Intermediate) Reactant... | Course Hero. Additionally, informational videos on submitting applications in SAM can be found here. Here the authors show that NMRs age epigenetically, while epigenetic clocks detect that NMR queens age more slowly than nonbreeding females.
The functional constraints and competitive interactions that preclude enhanced ability in search beyond a certain level, support the proposal that individuals with DD are specialized in explorative search. No, the Simons Foundation accepts only applications submitted online through Simons Award Manager (SAM) someone else (assistant, staff member, etc. ) One such difference regards minicolumn circuitry. 1177/0022219417714776. Project significance and relevance to autism. The Check Application Progress button reviews your application for missing sections. A key adaptive function of episodic memory is to also allow individuals to flexibly retrieve and recombine these building blocks of previous experiences to envisage future events (Schacter and Addis, 2007; Schacter et al., 2017). HT: conceived the theory. Correspondence: Helen Taylor, Applicants should also indicate whether they are applying to the Explorer, Expansion or Collaboration track (see also Budget FAQ) is the page limit for the Specific Aims Page? Since they fail to identify a core deficit, key biological debates such as the automaticity/cerebellar and magnocellular approaches are also outlined. The new arrow will be shown in black, and the old one will turn gray.
Despite the recognition that there may be an evolutionary basis for DD (Geschwind, 1982; Stein, 2001), there has been no real attempt to explain DD-associated cognition from an evolutionary perspective until recently. These results are relevant in the context of global search, as explained above, where items are activated in relation to the overall category. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and adhd diagnosis and severity. Simons Searchlight Research Match. The sustained emotional toll they bear over an extended period (most of their pre-adult life, if not more) can lead to a variety of harms, including post-traumatic stress disorder as adults (Alexander-Passe, 2015) as well as higher rates of self-harm (Scott, 2004), suicide (Fuller-Thomson et al., 2017), and imprisonment (Moody et al., 2000; Lindgren et al., 2002; Rack, 2005). Autism may also be understood from a search perspective. Moigneu, Abdellaoui and colleagues show that growth differentiation factor 11 reverses deficits in these functions in aged mice, pointing the way towards a novel pro-mnemonic and antidepressant therapeutic target. Abstract and Keywords Tab: Enter your scientific abstract for a technical audience as text in this section. Submission historyFrom: Christian Janos Lebeda [view email].
A useful framework for tying together these observations is cognitive search, which involves a trade-off between exploration–exploitation. Evidence reviewed from a range of studies lends further support to the hypothesis that individuals with DD demonstrate a bias toward explorative internal search. Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article. Proposed strengths cluster around explorative behaviors such as big-picture, long-term thinking and inventiveness. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. Central to this is the understanding that many aspects of cognition can be viewed from the perspective of search, characterized by a trade-off between exploration and exploitation (Hills et al., 2015). Any errors that must be corrected before submission will be displayed in red above the budget. We designed and synthesized a photosensitive prodrug that destroys senescent cells by integrating multiple technologies that combine biomarker guidance with a fluorescence tag, target-site anchoring and photodynamic therapy, providing a strategy for monitoring and specifically eliminating senescent cells to regulate aging. We would like to express our great appreciation to Professor Nigel Lockett, James Arbib, Mark Evans, Ian Hughes, Chris Tottman, and Anthony Hobley for their much needed support and help in bringing this project to fruition, Professor Richard Potts for kindly providing the image used, Elizabeth Gasson for helpful feedback on previous approaches and Brock and Fernette Eide for advice and inspiration. As with all Simons Foundation funded projects, it is at the foundation's discretion to modify final budgets as needed.