I think it's worth recognizing that the aggregate amount of G. P. that we are creating or gaining every year is so much larger now than — I mean, the percentage might be the same. And I think it's not a coincidence that Adam Smith — his first book, of course, was on ethics and morals and trying to instill better general ideals and behaviors across a society. German physicist with an eponymous law nyt crossword. I should say this was myself. But yeah, if you gave me a dial, and I can kind of turn up or down the threat or fear index of society, it's not super obvious to me that one would want to turn it up if what one cared about was the aggregate rate of progress.
I think there's also a very plausible story where these technologies prove substantially less defensible than we might have expected, and where, instead, they have this enormously decentralizing effect. Up until that time, consumers baked their own bread, or bought it in solid loaves. So there's a question of, during war, how much did we invent during World War II. At the beginning of the 20th century, not only was the U. German physicist with an eponymous law nyt crossword puzzle. S. not a scientific powerhouse, but it barely had a presence in frontier research, whatsoever.
They scoffed, and told him that pre-sliced bread would get stale and dry long before it could be eaten. And if you look at it on a per-capita basis, or a per-unit-of-work basis, now used to divide all those total outcomes by a factor of 50, and it seems like if you imagine yourself as the median scientist, you're meaningfully less likely to produce anything like as consequential a breakthrough as you would have, say, in 1920. Transcripts of our episodes are made available as soon as possible. And so Michael Nielsen and I, in order to try to put slightly more rigor on that question — we went and we surveyed a bunch of scientists across a number of universities in a number of different disciplines, and we presented them with different Nobel Prize-winning breakthroughs. His father was an Austrian Jewish tavern-keeper, and Mahler experienced racial tensions from his birth: He was a minority both as a Jew and as a German-speaking Austrian among Czechs, and later, when he moved to Germany, he was a minority as a Bohemian. This is a fractal boundary. EZRA KLEIN: It's over. Home - Economics Books: A Core Collection - UF Business Library at University of Florida. And if we have subtly pushed a lot of people into maybe not the right — not the socially optimal directions, that over time will have a pretty big effect on a society. And if there was no blogging, like, god knows what would have happened to me. 9" because he believed that, like Beethoven and Bruckner before him, his ninth symphony would be his last. And then, as you take stock of all the other breakthroughs that took place in the U. during the Second World War, there were some meaningful stuff like blood plasma and blood transfusions. The timing was right for the sentimental, wholesome story: People felt beaten down by the Depression, and Hollywood had lately come under fire for releasing some racy pictures. I think there's been a huge rush to digital land because you can build on digital land. This is a great conversation today.
PATRICK COLLISON: I mean, I think it's hard to say in aggregate. So first, I agree, as a basic matter, that there are welfare losses occurring across society that we should be worried about, and probably everybody listening to this is familiar with the Stephen Pinker case for optimism, and rather than focusing in the headlines, you zoom out, look at these long-term time series. There are lots of, quote unquote, "low-hanging-fruit discoveries" made in computers and computer science in the '70s, '80s, and '90s. In Universal Man, noted biographer and historian Richard Davenport-Hines revives our understanding of John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), the twentieth century's most charismatic and revolutionary economist. Didn't seem to be happening. P - Best Business Books - UF Business Library at University of Florida. And of course, now, we have this crazy position, where California is losing population at the same time where the market caps of these companies and the profits of these companies are increasing very rapidly. In high school, he sometimes worked for the Metropolitan Opera when they needed people to fill out crowd scenes, and for this he received 50 cents per appearance, a dollar if he appeared in blackface.
He spent his summers in the Austrian Alps, composing. And that, plus a bunch of other things, particularly the republic of letters, the way people are writing letters back and forth, kind of combine into a culture that is able to grow. I mean, the N. predated it, but the growth of the N. really occurred after the war. Universes, no pun intended, are possible.
And if communication is in any way getting worse, it's going to have pretty big macro effects. Publication Date: Basic Books, 2015. And I think the threads and the themes that you've been pulling on of late — all of these dynamics underscore their importance. We're getting a lot of peer-reviewed research out of China — huge number of citations out of China. And I think this place simply needs more housing. Those discoveries opened up new techniques and investigation methodologies and so on, that then gave rise to molecular biology in the '50s, '60s and '70s. This is money provided by the government for a purpose. I don't know any who will not complain to you for hours. German physicist with an eponymous law net.org. And we've chosen to take and to redeploy almost half of their time in service of technocratic, bureaucratic undertaking. Something there doesn't seem to small to me.
And so I think the fact that so many of our successes are associated with some degree of structural and institutional change should be somewhat thought-provoking for us. EZRA KLEIN: I think that's a good bridge to progress studies as an idea. I can't remember if it's called "Scene of Change" or "Scene of the Action. " And the point is not to make too much of the rail example, but to make a lot of the idea that talent flows towards where it can have an effect and people can live the kinds of heroic lives they want to lead. Sales went through the roof. I mean, literally, the word, improvement, in this broader societal context, came from word, "translated, " at the beginning of the 17th century. The 'how' of science just really matters.
But the total amount of stuff happening, or the increasing amount of stuff happening, is so much larger now than it was 100 or 200 or 300 years ago. But in this kind of macro political sense, as you're saying, in a period of a lot of change, a lot of folks with real backing in the data don't feel life has gotten better at the macro level. I think that there are fundamental a priori reasons to believe that the rate of progress in biology could increase substantially over the years, and to your question, kind of decades to come. Maybe Stripe as part of our small little contribution in one little fissure. And something specific is in my mind.
If in 20 — I guess it'd be 2037, we're having a conversation about how dumb this conversation was because it was right on the cusp of so much incredible stuff happening, what do you think is likely to be on that list? LAUGHS] I mean, nothing too terrible, probably, but I wouldn't have the career I have today. Things we write can go viral and be seen by 5 million people all of a sudden. And so it checked many of the ostensible boxes, and yet, the sum total of the U. ' People don't feel as defensive about it. You know, why can't we do this? Publication Date: William Morrow, 2016.
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