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8(a), the worker uses a type of lever to exert a small force over a large distance, while the pry bar pulls up on the nail with a large force over a small distance. This is the underlying principle of all simple machines. In addition, the High School Physics Laboratory Manual addresses content in this section in the lab titled: Work and Energy, as well as the following standards: - (D) demonstrate and apply the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in one dimension. Check Your Understanding. If students are struggling with a specific objective, the Check Your Understanding will help identify which one and direct students to the relevant content. Work and machines worksheet pdf ncert. As shown in the figure, the ideal mechanical advantage is calculated by dividing the radius of the wheel by the radius of the axle. Instruct the child to cut each simple-machine picture and glue it beside the description that best matches.
In general, the IMA = the resistance force, F r, divided by the effort force, F e. IMA also equals the distance over which the effort is applied, de, divided by the distance the load travels, dr. Getting back to conservation of energy, for any simple machine, the work put into the machine, Wi, equals the work the machine puts out, Wo. Note that, when using an inclined plane the load moves, but when using a wedge the load is stationary and the machine moves. Work and machines worksheet pdf version. The other three are not as obvious. Simple Machines Worksheets. 9 is called a wheel and axle.
Explain that the combined mechanical advantage can be great. Both children sit at equal distance from the fulcrum. The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. Complex machine||efficiency output||ideal mechanical advantage||inclined plane||input work|. BL] [OL] The calculation for IMA of a pulley seems too easy to be true, but it is. Refer back to the discussions of each simple machine for the specific equations for the IMA for each type of machine. Work and machines worksheet pdf 2020. To raise a load 1 meter with a pulley system you have to pull N meters of rope. The input and output distances are easier to see for the lever, inclined plane and wedge. For instance, a bicycle is created using wheels, levers, and pulleys. 10 are used to lift cars and even houses. BL] [OL] Be sure students understand that a complex machine is just a combination of simple machines and is still fairly simple. This printable simple machines worksheet, where the task is for the grade 3 children to match each simple machine to an example by drawing a line, will get the quiet machine enthusiasts splendidly eloquent. Cars and other vehicles are combinations of many machines. In this section you will apply what you have learned about work to find the mechanical advantage and efficiency of simple machines.
Use the Check Your Understanding questions to assess students' achievement of the section's learning objectives. Both the input work (Wi) and output work (Wo) are the result of a force, F, acting over a distance, d. The efficiency output of a machine is simply the output work divided by the input work, and is usually multiplied by 100 so that it is expressed as a percent. Ask students to try to understand why IMA is simply N. Tell them that watching the video should make this point clear. Sort the machines into one of the 6 types. An answer key is included for each worksheet. In most cases, a simple machine is used to reduce the amount of force you must exert to do work. While we push staples through pieces of paper in order to fasten them together nearly every day, little do we realize we are making a simple machine, a lever to be specific, work hard. If the rod has a diameter of 1 cm and the IMA of the machine is 6, what is the radius of the handle? Pulley systems are often used to raise flags and window blinds and are part of the mechanism of construction cranes. Introduction to Mechanical Advantage.
BL] [OL] Talk about how inclined planes and wedges are similar and different. 1 m. What is the efficiency of the machine? Be sure students do not equate machines and motors by asking for (and, if necessary, providing) examples of machines that are not motorized. Look back at the pictures of the simple machines and think about which would have the highest efficiency. Simple machine||wedge||wheel and axle|. The car, with its engine and four wheels has to be a complex machine. 10 shows the simple formulas for calculating the IMAs of these machines. This way bales of hay could be lifted into the hay loft without getting wet. The ideal mechanical advantage, IMA, is the mechanical advantage of a perfect machine with no loss of useful work caused by friction between moving parts. Reduce the radius of the pulley. True or false—The efficiency of a simple machine is always less than 100 percent because some small fraction of the input work is always converted to heat energy due to friction. Explain why more energy is usually lost to friction with these machines than with other simple machines. AL]Tell students there are two other classes of levers with different arrangements of load, fulcrum, and effort.
The student is expected to: - (C) describe simple and complex machines and solve problems involving simple machines; - (D) define input work, output work, mechanical advantage, and efficiency of machines. 4 ropes are required because the actual mechanical advantage is 3. The learning objectives in this section will help your students master the following standards: - (6) Science concepts. The effort force, applied at Fe, lifts the load (the resistance force) which is pushing down at F r. The triangular pivot is called the fulcrum; the part of the lever between the fulcrum and F e is the effort arm, Le; and the part to the left is the resistance arm, Lr. The axle on a vehicle does not do work on a load.
Combining this with the information in the paragraphs above, we can write. The equation for IMA is shown in Figure 9. This results in a smaller force acting over a greater distance at the end of the resistance arm. Since both have different weights, they will never be in balance. Efficiency of a Lever. Once again we have to exert force over a longer distance to multiply force. How could you use a pulley system to lift a light load to great height? An inclined plane and a wedge are two forms of the same simple machine.
Dispel any misconceptions that machines reduce the amount of work. Don't let them confuse the term with complicated machines such as computers. BL] [OL] Review the material on loss of mechanical energy to heat and the law of conservation of energy. The last part shows how to calculate the IMA of an inclined plane. Review what was learned about the IMA of inclined planes and pulley systems before watching the video. By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: - Describe simple and complex machines. The simple machine shown in Figure 9.
The lever part of these screws is a screw driver. Although it cannot change the amount of work you do, a simple machine can change the amount of force you must apply to an object, and the distance over which you apply the force. For a wheel and axle, the input distance is the circumference of the wheel, and the output distance is the circumference of the axle. A simple machine is a mechanical device used to apply increased force. A wedge is simply two inclined planes back to back.