BL] [OL] Ask the students what they know about machines and work. Introduction to Mechanical Advantage. BL] [OL] Review the material on loss of mechanical energy to heat and the law of conservation of energy. 11 is actually a lever attached to a circular inclined plane.
True or false—The efficiency of a simple machine is always less than 100 percent because some small fraction of the input work is always converted to heat energy due to friction. This results in a smaller force acting over a greater distance at the end of the resistance arm. While we push staples through pieces of paper in order to fasten them together nearly every day, little do we realize we are making a simple machine, a lever to be specific, work hard. Work power and machines worksheet. So, why is a simple machine useful? 10 shows the simple formulas for calculating the IMAs of these machines.
Devices like the one shown in Figure 9. NGSS: 3-5-ETS1-1, 3-5-ETS1-2, 3-5-ETS1-3, 3-PS2-1, 3-PS2-2. The equation for IMA is shown in Figure 9. The screw shown in Figure 9. 13 combine two levers and two wedges. AL]Tell students there are two other classes of levers with different arrangements of load, fulcrum, and effort. In the formula for IMA, the distance between screw threads is called pitch and has the symbol P. [BL] [OL] Suggest that a screw is classified as a separate type of simple machine perhaps because it looks so different from what it really is—an inclined plane which sometimes is turned by a lever. The circular handle of a faucet is attached to a rod that opens and closes a valve when the handle is turned. In real life, some of the applied work always ends up as wasted heat due to friction between moving parts. Work and machines worksheet pdf version. There are six simple machines: lever, inclined plane, wedge, pulley, wheel and axle, and screw. The down side is that you must exert the force over a greater distance, because the product of force and distance, f d, (which equals work) does not change.
Wo and Wi can always be calculated as a force multiplied by a distance, although these quantities are not always as obvious as they are in the case of a lever. Work and machines worksheet pdf book. The last part shows how to calculate the IMA of an inclined plane. For an additional fun activity, have the students search the Internet for Rube Goldberg machine. The shovel, consisting of a square metal attached to a handle, is a simple machine.
Our worksheets on the simple machines are ideal for grade 3, grade 4, and grade 5. State the equation for efficiency of a simple machine, and calculate Wo and Wi. The first part of this video shows how to calculate the IMA of pulley systems. Combining this with the information in the paragraphs above, we can write. 1 m. What is the efficiency of the machine? A complex machine is a combination of two or more simple machines. For instance, a bicycle is created using wheels, levers, and pulleys. Once again we have to exert force over a longer distance to multiply force. The axle on a vehicle does not do work on a load. Identify each object and write which simple machine it is. The mechanical advantage is a number that tells us how many times a simple machine multiplies the effort force. To raise a load 1 meter with a pulley system you have to pull N meters of rope. Let's examine how this works in practice.
Pulleys were once seen on sailing ships and farms, where they were used lift heavy loads. Ask students to try to understand why IMA is simply N. Tell them that watching the video should make this point clear. In general, the IMA = the resistance force, F r, divided by the effort force, F e. IMA also equals the distance over which the effort is applied, de, divided by the distance the load travels, dr. Getting back to conservation of energy, for any simple machine, the work put into the machine, Wi, equals the work the machine puts out, Wo. How would lubrication affect the efficiency of a simple machine? The equations show how a simple machine can output the same amount of work while reducing the amount of effort force by increasing the distance over which the effort force is applied. Not only does this simple machines worksheet work well as an instant pick-me-up for the thriving scientists in 3rd grade and 4th grade, it charmingly illustrates the characteristics of each simple machine type. Explain that simple machines are often hand-held, and that they reduce force, not work. Instruct the child to cut each simple-machine picture and glue it beside the description that best matches. The lever part of these screws is a screw driver. Both the input work (Wi) and output work (Wo) are the result of a force, F, acting over a distance, d. The efficiency output of a machine is simply the output work divided by the input work, and is usually multiplied by 100 so that it is expressed as a percent. Note that the IMAs of the individual simple machines in a complex machine usually multiply because the output force of one machine becomes the input force of the other machine. 12 shows three different pulley systems. Remind the students that, for an ideal machine, work in = work out and that W = f d. The video shows how to find the fs and the ds. Both children sit at equal distance from the fulcrum.
AL] Ask students how the forces exerted by a wood screw are different from those exerted by the screw in Figure 9.
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