When you are hungry, how do you feel? There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. But how does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for your cells? The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration. Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? Glycolysis is the first set of reactions that occur during cellular respiration. 2 The Process of Cellular Respiration. In prokaryotic cells, H+ flows from the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotic mitochondria, H+ flows from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Directions: Watch Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain and Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase to learn how electrons are passed through proteins in the electron transport chain and ATP is produced. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key download. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor (i. e., the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier. By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the electron transport system location and function in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). The answer is cellular respiration. Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key free. Equation for Cellular Respiration. When you eat, your body digests the food into smaller chemical compounds like sugars (glucose), fats, and proteins. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy.
Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain. Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key pdf. Denitrifiers are important soil bacteria that use nitrate and nitrite as final electron acceptors, producing nitrogen gas (N2). There are many types of anaerobic respiration found in bacteria and archaea. Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
Electron transport is a series of chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed rapidly from one ETS electron carrier to the next. Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed. There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). What are the functions of the proton motive force? Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Chapter 9 Student Edition Full | PDF | Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat.
Explain the relationship between chemiosmosis and proton motive force. It's actually quite amazing. The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because citric acid is the first compound formed in this series of reactions. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix.
The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. Directions: Watch Glycolysis: An Overview to see how glucose is broken down during the process of glycolysis. Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview. In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space.
Thus, the 10 NADH molecules made per glucose during glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle carry enough energy to make 30 ATP molecules, whereas the two FADH2 molecules made per glucose during these processes provide enough energy to make four ATP molecules. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. These ATP molecules come from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor. Food serves as your source of energy. The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
The turning of the parts of this molecular machine regenerates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by oxidative phosphorylation, a second mechanism for making ATP that harvests the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient. One molecule of CO2 is also produced. Cellular Respiration Summary. Reward Your Curiosity. However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules.
A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact! Learning Objectives. At this point, try not to worry about the names of compounds or the details of the processes shown. Energy Extraction Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP. ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. Now that we have studied each stage of cellular respiration in detail, let's take another look at the equation that summarizes cellular respiration and see how various processes relate to it: In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.
Can be used with Cornell notes. You're Reading a Free Preview. These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. In each transfer of an electron through the ETS, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane. There are many circumstances under which aerobic respiration is not possible, including any one or more of the following: - The cell lacks genes encoding an appropriate cytochrome oxidase for transferring electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport system.
Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2. If you like this these notes, you can follow these lin. Watch for a general overview. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide. I also think that even if you don't use fill-in-the. Everything you want to read. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. The four major classes of electron carriers involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic electron transport systems are the cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and the quinones.
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. Also, 2 molecules of NADH are made. Citric Acid Production Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH.
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