Footnote 89 It is based on a policy of decentralization pursued by the national government since 1994 and on a series of far-reaching constitutional reforms in the 1990s, particularly decisive was a land reform, a financial market reform and a pension reform as we expand on in the following. The planning of this large-scale territorial project in the 1960s exemplified the authoritarian, top-down mode of Gaullist governing. Living on reclaimed land in mexico city has provided no remedy. Mortgage loans were made more accessible, and the target groups were expanded to include wider social strata. Data 2018, 5, 180214.
"It's not just about physical space, " said Campos, who has an office at Infonavit's dramatically modern headquarters in Mexico City. Scanlon, B. ; Reedy, R. C. ; Faunt, C. ; Pool, D. ; Uhlman, K. Enhancing Drought Resilience with Conjunctive Use and Managed Aquifer Recharge in California and Arizona. A different version of mass housing urbanization evolved around the turn of the century in Mexico City under the premises of a financialized housing market, where it served to relocate lower-income populations from urban regeneration and renewal sites in central areas. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Morelos, México, 2017; pp. The aim was to create an identity – the people of Hong Kong – and a sense of 'pride' in that identity to help enhance the government's legitimacy and strengthen its negotiations with China. Water Resources in Mexico: A Conceptual Introduction. However, with the neoliberal restructuring of the 1970s, the destiny of the grands ensembles changed radically. The makeover of Mexico City –. 10 Sassen, Cities in a World Economy, 319–24. Posible influencia de la subsidencia y fracturamiento en. In the outer banlieue they initiated the urbanization of agricultural land that interwar urban planning had protected from construction. Granting political rights was never part of this economic, administrative, and territorial restructuring programme. Other - Business & Finance. 18 Schmid et al, "Towards a new Vocabulary of Urbanisation Processes: A Comparative Approach"; Streule et al., "Popular Urbanization.
Nagendra, H. ; Ostrom, E. Polycentric Governance of Multifunctional Forested Landscapes. It thus also contributes to a relatively recent project of comparative global housing studies. Footnote 28 Local empowerment could also be achieved when a ZUP was based on the initiative and leadership of a mayor, such as the ZUP of Créteil which included a new university. Footnote 70 At the same time, mass housing urbanization became the motor of post-war industrial development and territorial expansion. While in Mexico City this process promoted national and transnational corporate interests, in Hong Kong it strengthened the agenda of the colonial government. In 1966, in response to an increase in fares, the 'Star Ferry protests' erupted. Mukherji, A. Living on reclaimed land in mexico city has provided a clear. ; Shah, T. Groundwater Socio-Ecology and Governance: A Review of Institutions and Policies in Selected Countries. In response, the colonial government launched a series of social reforms to re-establish the people's confidence in government's legitimacy.
In 2005, after the Housing Authority won a legal challenge at the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, it launched the large-scale privatization of commercial properties in all public housing estates. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. In Water Reclamation and Sustainability; Ahuja, S., Ed. The Paris case shows a different type of territorial regulation, one based on a territorial compromise that also involved local governments. Legal Framework That Might Be Revised and Proposals. Mass housing urbanization as such was implemented through a territorial strategy that shows certain parallels to Hong Kong. The future we will live in will be largely determined by balancing the benefits of new technology with the risks and drawbacks that it inevitably brings. Footnote 93 The pension reform of 1995 changed the pension scheme from a general fund to a personally managed account and made parts of the pension fund available for mortgage lending. Ley de Aguas Nacionales. Geoforum 2011, 42, 439–450. This housing is close to transportation, 100 meters from a subway line and 300 meters from a modern Metrobús line. During the 1950s, twenty-six resettlement estates were established in the New Territories north of Kowloon. Gutiérrez-Ojeda, C. Living on reclaimed land in Mexico City has provided __________. - Brainly.com. Experiencias de recarga en el acuífero principal de la Comarca Lagunera.
Gutiérrez-Ojeda, C. ; Ortíz, F. Proyectos de Recarga MAR en el acuífero principal de la región lagunera. This upgrading policy, which was implemented in the early 2000s by the government of the Distrito Federal (today Ciudad de México, CDMX), contributed to leapfrogging mass housing urbanization beyond its borders to the surrounding Estado de México (the provincial state that houses the majority of the over 21 million inhabitants of Mexico City). Footnote 78 With the massive influx of local and global capital, private developers bought cheap farmland from villagers to keep it in their land banks for speculative use, and they started to build large-scale condominium towers and malls for the growing middle classes, first, in the 1980s, in the New Towns of Shatin and Tsuen Wan, and, a decade later, in Tin Shui Wai and Tsueng Kwan O. Replenish aquifer||Dug well/shaft/pit injection||Stormwater|. For their support, inspiration and discussion about the research on which this paper is based, we are grateful to Keith Kwok Kuen Au, Wing Yin Chan, Chi Lap Jacky Lee, and Wing-shing Tang (for Hong Kong); Miguel Ángel Gonzalez, Isadora Hastings, Graciela Vázquez (for Mexico); and Assad Ali-Cherif, Martine Berger, Léopold Lambert, Paul Landauer and Benoît Pouvreau (for Paris). It constitutes the heart of a nation where "geography has been destiny, " said Jose Castillo, '95, '00. This involves a rearrangement of the social composition of urban areas, and it often also includes the resettlement of mostly lower-income groups from central (inner-city) locations to peripheries, thus transforming both the periphery and the urban centre. Full article: Peripheralization through mass housing urbanization in Hong Kong, Mexico City, and Paris. Finally, we develop a taxonomy of different modalities of peripheralization that might serve as a conceptual tool for further urban research. The spatial paradox made this socio-economic segregation invisible and turned each domestic unit into a clean, well-planned, and effectively-managed space, which drove people into passivity.
Rather, we seek to bring the Fordist, colonial, and financialized variants of mass housing urbanization into conversation with one another to conceptualize an empirically grounded definition of this specific urbanization process. Korenfeld, F. D. ; Hernández, L. O. Proyecto de Planta Piloto de tratamiento avanzado para la recarga artificial del acuífero. The Paris government further propelled this urban transformation process through a series of urban renewal projects, which encompassed 3. 62 Carroll, A Concise History of Hong Kong. Living on reclaimed land in mexico city has provided many. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, UNAM, CONACYT; Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Germany, 2011; Volume 7, pp. This would have severe consequences in the following decades. Even if the geographic and historic contexts of the two cases are profoundly different, the processes of mass housing urbanization follow similar lines of (neo-)colonial dynamics of state rule over territory. MAR Projects to Restore Contaminated or Depleted Aquifers. Rather, it shows how the initial Fordist model of mass housing urbanization underwent a process of socio-economic peripheralization initiated by a neoliberal rationale of governing.
Additionally, peripheralization of the everyday has a more encompassing dimension: it restricts inhabitants' capacities to create their own modalities of everyday life. In Paris, similar techniques of colonial governance, discipline, and control were applied to the poorest segments of the population, in particular Algerian immigrants who were excluded from regular social housing rental contracts until the mid-1960s. MEXICO CITY — In a poem, Octavio Paz called the vast, colorful, ever-expanding metropolis of his birth "a paradise of cages. Major private developers declared bankruptcy, and 5 million houses throughout Mexico were abandoned, a clear indicator that this corporate 'public housing' model had failed. While large parts of Hong Kong's manufacturing industry moved across the Chinese border, its urban development was marked by deindustrialization and the massive growth of the financial, real estate, and service sectors. In its most general sense, peripheralization denotes a territorial process that generates and reinforces relations of dominance and dependency.
Mass housing urbanization is thus different from other large-scale urbanization processes, such as the privately organized and market-oriented production of single-family homes and condominiums or the various forms of self-construction and popular urbanization in southern metropolises. Villholth, K. ; Elena, L. ; Conti, K. ; Garrido, A. ; van der Gun, J. Water Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Huerta, C. Las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas en el ordenamiento jurídico mexicano. Definition of water rights and institutional arrangements for allocations||Concessions |. Footnote 22 In 1954, the public investment bank CDC (Caisse des dépôt et consignations) founded the subsidiary construction firm SCIC (Société centrale immobilière de la Caisse des dépôts) as an intermediate agency between the state and the municipalities. "Mobility is political, " said Castillo. At the national scale, 197 ZUPs contained 2. Much of this urban growth was absorbed by modernist high-rise estates colloquially called grands ensembles. This had particularly severe impacts on young, nuclear families as parents struggled to get or keep a job and had to cope with gender and family issues if, for example, only the wife could get a (low-paying) job.
It absorbed forests, lakes, and villages. Replenish aquifer and increase water availability||Subsurface dams and dug well/shaft/pit injection||Stormwater|. But then he pointed closer, to the street, where the informal city was on display, "the public life external to the home, " he said: food stands, shops at the curb, and soccer games on the street. 42 Raymond et al., L'habitat pavillonnaire, 29.
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